Map of the Labor Market in Brazil
Map of the Labor Market in Brazil – 1992-1997
PNAD Concepts and Definitions
The concepts and definitions described below refer to the variables of the NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SAMPLE SURVEY - PNAD - that have been used in the current work.
The information relative to sample precision and estimates can be found in the annual publications of PNAD.
Urban or rural housing unit
The classification of a housing unit as urban or rural, according to its location, is based on the laws in effect during the 1991 Population Census. Urban status refers to the areas corresponding to cities (municipal headquarters), villages (district headquarters) or isolated urban areas. Rural status refers to all the areas located out of these boundaries. The same criteria are used to classify the population as urban or rural.
General Characteristics
Age
The survey of age was conducted through the investigation of the day, month and year of birth of the person or the presumed age of the person who did not know their date of birth. The age was calculated in relation to the date of reference. The persons who did not declare either the date of birth or the presumed age were classified into the group "ignored age".
Instruction Aspects
Years of Schooling
The classification by years of schooling was obtained according to the grade and level the person was taking or had taken, considering the last grade successfully completed; each grade successfully completed corresponded to one year of schooling. The counting of schooling years started at one year of schooling, beginning in the first grade successfully finished in elementary school; at five years; beginning in the first grade successfully finished in the fist part elementary school; at nine years of schooling, beginning in the first grade successfully finished in high-school or second part of elementary school; at 12 years of schooling, beginning in the first grade successfully finished in higher-education. The persons who did not inform their level or grade, provided incomplete information or information that did not allow them to be properly classified were grouped in the category not-determined or not-declared years of schooling.
Characteristics of Work and Income
Work
Work in economic activity encompassed the exercise of:
a) Occupation paid in money, products, goods or benefits (housing, feeding, clothes, etc.) to produce goods or services.
b) Occupation paid in money, products, goods or benefits (housing, feeding, clothes, etc.) in domestic work.
c) Activity performed to produce goods and services for at least one hour a week:
. in assistance to a member of the housing unit of the housing unit who had a job as a: worker in the production of primary goods (which encompass the activities of agriculture, silviculture, livestock, forestry or mining and quarrying, hunting, fishing and fish farming;
. in assistance to a religious, charity or cooperative institution; or
. as an apprentice or intern.
d) Activity performed for at least one hour a week:
. in the production of goods of the subsector that encompasses the activities of agriculture, silviculture, livestock, forestry, fishing and fish farming, for own-consumption or for at least one member of the household; or
. in the construction of buildings, driveways, wells and other types of betterment (except the works intended to refurbishment only) for own use or for at least one member of the household.
Therefore, the concept of work is characterized by the following conditions:
. paid work (items a and b);
. unpaid work (item c); and
. work for own-consumption in production or construction (item d).
Search for Work
Search for work was defined as the taking of effective measure to find a job, that is, the contact established with employers; tests taken to join civil service and the participation in this kind of selection process; consulting of employment agencies, unions or similar entities; the reply to job ads; the asking of a job to a relative, friend, colleague or through a job ad; taking measure to start a business; etc.
Occupation Status
The persons were classified according to their occupation statues in the week of reference, as employed and unemployed.
Employed Persons
The persons classified as employed in the week of reference were those who had a job throughout this period or during part of it. This group also included persons who were not working in the paid occupation they had because of a period of vacation, license, strike, etc.
Unemployed Persons
The persons classified as unemployed in the week of reference were who had taken some action in order to find a job.
Activity Status
Considering their activity status in the week of reference, the persons were classified as economically-active and non-economically active.
Economically-Active Persons
Economically-active persons, in the week of reference, were subdivided into employed and unemployed persons.
Non-economically active persons
The persons classified as non-economically active, in the week of reference, were those who were not considered employed or unemployed in this period.
Number of Jobs
The number of jobs was also surveyed, that is, how many enterprises the person worked for in the week of reference. Enterprise was defined as the company, institution, entity, firm, business, etc., or even the work without an establishment performed individually or with the help of other persons (employees, partners, or unpaid workers).
Work in production or construction for own-consumption was only considering for persons who did not have any other paid or unpaid job, in the week of reference.
Main Job in the Week of Reference
Main job in the week of reference was the only job the person had in this period.
As for persons who had more than one job, that is, who were employed in more than one enterprise in the week of reference, the following criteria were adopted, according to the order below, so as to define the main activity in this period:
1st) Domestic workers, in terms of employment category, were classified into: with a signed employment record card and without a signed employment record card;
2nd) In case of equality in the period of permanence, in the period of reference of 365 days, main job was the job in the week of reference to which the person dedicated the biggest number of hours a week. This same criterion was used to define the main job of the person who, in the week of reference, only performed work and had the same period of permanence in the period of reference of 365 days; and
3rd) In case of equality in the number of hours worked as well, the main job in the week of reference was the main one generating the highest income.
Activity
The classification of activity in the enterprise was obtained through the objective of the type of business of the organization, company or entity the person was working for. The classification of own-account workers took into consideration the activity performed.
The composition of de apresentada nas tabelas encontra-se no Anexo 1.
Employment type - Eight categories of employment type were defined:
Employee - A person working for an employer (natural or legal person), usually obliged to work for a fixed number of hours, earning, in return, compensation in money, goods, products or benefits (housing, food, clothes, etc.). This category includes persons enlisted in the armed forces for compulsory military services, and also priests, church ministers, preachers, rabbis, friars, nuns and other clergy members;
Domestic worker - A person who worked performing domestic activities, paid in money or benefits, in one or more housing units;
Own-account worker - A person who worked in their own enterprise, alone or with a partner, without employees, with or without the help of an unpaid worker;
Employer - A person who worked in their own enterprise, with at least one employee;
Unpaid worker who is a member of the household - A person working without compensation for at least one hour a week, in assistance to a member of the household, employed in the production of primary or mineral goods, hunting, fishing and fish farming), as an own-account worker or employer;
Other unpaid worker - A person working without compensation, for at least one hour a week, as an apprentice or intern or in assistance to a religious, charity or cooperative institution;
Own-consuption production worker - A person working for at least one hour a week, in the production of goods of the subsector, which encompasses the activities of agriculture, silviculture, livestock, forestry, fishing and fish farming, for own-consumption and for at least one member of the household; and
Own-consumption construction worker - A person working for at least one hour a week, in the construction of buildings, driveways, wells and other betterment (except the works intended to refurbishment only) for own use or for at least one member of the household.
In terms of release of results, the categories unpaid worker, member of the household, and other unpaid worker were grouped under the category "unpaid" in all the tables that present the classification by employment type.
Employment category
In terms of employment category, workers were classified as: with a signed employment record card; military and civil servants; and others.
The category military and civil servants was formed by armed forces of the Army, Navy and Air, including persons who were taking compulsory military service and employees whose work is ruled by Civil Service Statute (of federal, state and municipal departments or of autonomous public corporations)
Domestic workers, in terms of employment category, were classified into: with a signed employment record card and without a signed employment record card.
Contribution to Security Institutes
The contribution of persons to security institutes at federal, state or municipal level in the main or secondary job, or in at least one of the other activities performed in the week of reference was also investigated.
Monthly Income from Work
Monthly income from work consisted can be defined as:
Income of workers – The gross monthly compensation they were entitled to or, in case of variable income, the average monthly income relative to the month of September 1997; and
Income of employers and own-account workers – The monthly withdrawal or, in case of variable income, the average monthly withdrawal relative to the month of September 1997.
The value of income as cash or as products and goods was investigated for income from the main job, the secondary job and from other activities the person performed in the week of reference, except for the value of production for own-consumption.
The employees and domestic workers who earned only food, clothes, medicines, etc. (benefits) as income from work were included in the group of persons "without income".
Monthly Income
The sum of the monthly income from work and the income from other sources forms the monthly income of persons aged 10 years and over and of economically-active persons. The monthly income of non-economically-active persons was only that from other sources.