Minimum Social Indicators
Average geometric rate of annual population growth. The average rate of annual population growth has shown regular tendency to decline since the 1960's (in 1960 the rate was 2.89%; in 1970, 2.48%, having fallen to 1.93% in 1980). In the last census period (1991 to 1996) it reached 1.38%.
(Source: Population Count, 1996. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1997.v.1: Results relative to Population Sex and Status of the Housing Unit .p.19, table 3)
Urbanization rate. In the 1960's, Brazil was still an agricultural country, with urbanization rate of only 44.7%. In 1980, 67.6% of the total population was living in cities already. Between 1991 and 1996, there was increment of 12.1 million urban inhabitants, as expressed by the high urbanization rate (78.4%).
(Source: Population Count, 1996. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1997.v.1:Results relative to Population Sex and Status of the Housing Unit .p.23, table 6)
Sex ratio. The results presented by Population Count 1996 point to the continued trend of female predominance in the Brazilian population's sex composition, as seen in history. In 1980 and 1991, sex ratios were, respectively, 98.74 and 97.50.
(Source: Population Count, 1996. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1997.v.1:Results relative to Population Sex and Status of the Housing Unit .p.27, table 9).
Dependency ratio. In the last 5 years, dependency ration fell from 65.43 (1991), to 58.69 (1996). In 1980, it was 73.18. In this period, the main factor accounting for the decrease of dependency ratio was the decline of fertility rate, which led to decrease in the age pyramid base.
(Source: Population Count, 1996. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1997.v.1: Results relative to Population Sex and Status of the Housing Unit .p.30, table 12).
Life expectancy at birth. Between 1940 and 1990, life expectancy at birth grew from 41.5 to 67.7 years of age, that is, an average of more than 5 years per decade (IBGE, Population Censuses). The main gains in terms of life expectancy occurred in the 1980's, when it rose from 53.5 years of age in 1970 to 61.8 years of age in 1980. (Social indicators: an analysis of the 1980's. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1995. p33, chart 4).
Labor and Income
Activity rate. In the years of 1992, 1993 and 1995, the activity rates were 61.5%; 61.1% and 61.3%, respectively.
(Source: National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1993. rio de janeiro:IBGE, 1996.p.29(table 4.1.2); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1995. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1996.p.32,table 4.1.2).
Unemployment rate. The figures for unemployment rate in 1992, 1993, 1995 and 1996 were, respectively, 6.5%; 6.2%; 6.1% and 6.9%.
(Source: National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1993. rio de janeiro:IBGE, 1996.p.29(table 4.1.2); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1995. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1996.p.32,table 4.1.2; National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1996. Rio de janeiro:IBGE,1997.p.68, table 4.1.2).
Gini . In a period of tem years, from 1986 to 1996, the Gini index changed from 0.647 in 1989 to 0.590 in 1996. In the last three years, 1993, 1994 and 1996, the index recorded regular tendency to decrease: 0.603; 0.592 and 0.590, respectively.
(Source: National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1996. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1997.p.122,table 7.1.11).
Education and Life Conditions
Illiteracy rate. Illiteracy rate. Between 1986 and 1997, the illiteracy rate of the population aged 15 years and over changed from 20.0% to 14.7%. The figures for 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1995 were, respectively, 20.0%; 17.0%; 19.7%; 19.0%; 19.0%; 18.3%; 16.3% and 15.5%.
(Source: IBGE, 1991 Population Census and National household sample survey 1986-1990, 1992-1993, 1995, data not published).
Family by sex of the householder (or reference person). Since the 1980's there has been regular increase of the proportion of households with a female householder. In 1981 and 1985, these figures were, respectively, 16.9% and 18.2%; in 1990 and 1995, 20.3% and 22.9%.
(Source: National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1981-1989.Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1990.p.53 (table 4.3); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1990. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1993.p.63 (table 4.2); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1995. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1996.p.54 table 5.1.2).
Households by sanitary and electrical conditions. The proportion of permanent private households which receive sanitation, garbage collection and illumination services, in 1981, 1985 and 1990, is the following:
Piped water. In the beginning of the 1980's, in 1981 and 1985, households with access to public water supply amounted to, respectively, 60.1% and 67.9%; in 1990, the proportion was 73.4%.
(Source: National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1981-1989.Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1990.p.60 (table 5.3); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1990. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1993.p.72 (table 5.2); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1995. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1996.p.61 table 6.1.2).
Garbage collected. In 1981, 49.2% of the total permanent private households used garbage collection services; in 1990, this proportion was 64.5%.
(Source: National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1981-1989.Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1990.p.60 (table 5.3); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1990. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1993.p.72 (table 5.2); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1995. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1996.p.61 table 6.1.2).
Electric illumination. Between 1981 and 1990, the proportion of households with electric illumination increased from 74.9% to 87.8%.
(Source: National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1981-1989.Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1990.p.60 (table 5.3); National household sample survey: summary of indicators 1990. Rio de Janeiro:IBGE, 1993.p.72 table 5.2).